Showing posts with label gujjar badshah. Show all posts
Showing posts with label gujjar badshah. Show all posts

Saturday 2 May 2015

Sardar Gujjar Singh Bhangi

Sardar Gujjar Singh Bhangi (d. 1788)


Gujjar Singh Bhangi was one of the triumvirate who ruled over Lahore for thirty years before its occupation by Ranjit Singh, was son of a cultivator of modest means, Nattha Singh. Strong and well built, Gujjar Singh received the vows of the Khalsa at the hands of his maternal grandfather Gurbakhsh Singh Roranvala, who presented him with a horse and recruited him a member of his band. As Gurbakhsh singh was growing old, he made Gujjar Singh head of his band. Soon the band was united to the force of Hari Singh, head of the Bhangi Misl of chiefship. Gujjar Singh set out on a career of conquest and plunder. In 1765, he along with Lahina singh ,adopted son of Gurbakhsh Singh, and Sobha Singh, an associate of Jai Singh Kanhaiya , captured Lahore, from the Afghans. As Lahina Singh was senior in relationship, being his maternal uncle, Gujjar Singh allowed Lahina Singh to take possession of the city and the fort, himself occupying eastern part of the city, then a jungle. Gujjar Singh erected part of the city, then a jungle. Gujjar Singh erected a mud fortress and invited people to settle there. He sank wells to supply water. A mosque was built for muslims. The area, the site of present-day railway station of Lahore, still bears his name and is known as Qila Gujjar Singh.
Gujjar Singh next captured Eminabad, Wazirabad, Sodhra and about 150 villages in Gujranwala district. He then took Gujarat from Sultan Muqarrab Khan whom he defeated under the walls of the city in December 1765, capturing both the city and the adjoining country, and making Gujrat his headquarters. Next year, he overran Jammu, seized Islamgarh, Punchh, Dev Batala and extended his territory as far as the Bhimbar hills in the North and the Majha country in the south. DuringAhmad Shah Durrani's eighth invasion, Gujjar Singh along with other Sikh Sardars offered him strong opposition. When in January 1767, the Durrani commander-in-chief reached Amritsar at the hed of 15,000 troops, the Sikh Sardars routed the Afghan horde. Soon afterwards Gujjar Singh laid siege to the famous fort of Rohtas, held by the Gakkhars, with the assistance of Charat Singh Sukkarchakia , who was on the most amicable terms with him and gave his daughter, Raj Kaur, in marriage to his son, Sahib Singh. Gujjar Singh subjugated the warlike tribes in the northwestern Punjab and occupied portions of Pothohar, Rawalpindi and Hasan Abdal.
Gujjar Singh died at Lahore in 1788.

Thursday 25 December 2014

Gujjars- The cream of our society


Gujjars- The cream of our society


Posted on 17/08/2014 by Dailyexcelsior


Om Saraf

Gujjars have always struck me as the most fascinating people around us-a distinct ethnic entity with rich historic and cultural background, an utterly self-reliant community, a perfect example of a sound mind in a sound body. Let me confess it is a profound problem for me to consider them backward in any sense of the word. I may prove it up to the hilt that not a few so-called forward-looking people deserve this epithet rather more aptly. Seen in a larger context of familiar economic indicators, the self employed Gujjars are in no way responsible for the economic backwardness of Jammu and Kashmir State.

So far as our all embracing backwardness is concerned, again, the real culprit are the people belonging to other communities who consume most of the resource and produce most of the perpetrators of major and minor crimes in the society. Blinded by wealth acquired by means more foul rather than fair and using education simply to sharpen their criminal wits, they feel no qualms of conscience to organize murders, decoities, gang rapes, adulterations, black markets and what not. No wonder our hospitals are full of patients belonging to those classes. I have scarcely come across a Gujjar male or female begging, borrowing or stealing. He is occasionally accused of selling adulterated milk. I have surveyed the problem in some detail and found out that the Gujjars are often made to be part of such unethical practices.

There have been times when other communities in Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh have been in a state of frenzy and provoked to indulge in diabolical activities. But the Gujjars never. I can recall of no occasion when the Gujjars have collectively taken to the path of insanity. At any rate, they can’t think of harming any non Gujjar. Even at the hands of a callous establishment they prefer to continue to suffer silently. They are perhaps the only lot of people without a traditional beggar amongst them. Such deep-rooted is their commitment to peaceful and self-reliant way of life. Mutual litigation is of course their one minus point but even the moon is not without its spots.

No community can beat the Gujjars in treating their womenfolk so well. I have many non-Gujjar friends whose faith in women emancipation is unquestioned but, alas, only on a theoretical level. When it comes to translating their thinking in concrete action, they are found wanting with some thing always going wrong somewhere. The degree of equality of sex in operation amongst the Gujjars is not to be seen elsewhere. No wonder they are the healthiest limb of our society. I have yet to encounter a mental case in the community eventhough more and more Gujjars now appear to be going in for so-called modern life. It is for the Gujjar leaders to strike a golden mean in the tussel “tradition versus modernity” well in time before they become as rootless as most of us.

What strikes me particularly about the Gujjars is their cosmopolitan character. They are truly the citizens of the world. Local, regional and even national divisions have failed to affect their typical ethos. They may even belong to different religions (most of them are Hindus outside J&K) but bigotry is foreign to their blood. Their universal status must not be taken as an aspersion on their loyalty to the motherland. Let me say with all the strength at my command that they breathe patriotism and when it comes to the defence of the land of their birth, they are in the forefront of resistance. Nothing hurts them more than the vandalism of their environment of which they consider themselves an inalienable part. Ecological security is their very heart and soul and not something to be fashionable about. There are no statistics available on the point but I am convinced that betrayal may be a good pastime for mammonists in other communities but not the Gujjars who always love to live by the sweat of their brow.

The Gujjars have a keen practical sense leaving little time for them for any complicated mischievous or dangerous designing. They have their feet firmly on the ground. I am reminded of a global organization zealously working for spreading the message of “being rather than becoming.” The total membership of the world body is less than a couple of thousands. Here is a large sized community of Gujjars each one of whom whether male or female, young or old go about several routines rather effortlessly in peace within and without in complete harmony with the surrounding like the potters wheel which looks absolutely calm after attaining the maximum speed. I can’t think of a better example of being rather than becoming.

Years ago before 1947 Chowdhary Mohd. Din Barnalvi who enjoyed good reputation as a junior police official brought out a weekly newspaper Al-Insan after retirement. Like the universal name of his paper, his balanced and well written editorial comments impressed me much. We soon became good friends. He would insist that ‘Gujjar’ is a derivative of Gao-char and that Gujjars belong to the fraternity of Gopal (Lord Krishna). Neither a linguist nor a historian of sort I am not in a position to vouchsafe Barnalvi’s assertion. This was nevertheless my first impression how a Gujjar would seek to be at the best of terms with the fellow-human beings. Nothing has since happened to chance my perception in this behalf.

These rosy features of the Gujjar life are, however, not without thorny bushes of their own if one may say so. They may not be backward according to my way of thinking but I must say that they have been ill-awarded so far by powers-that-be. Their inclusion in the scheduled castes list is admittedly a step in the right direction. But where is the matching follow-up action? Not even a fraction of the Gujjar calibre and capacity has been yet pressed into service for our broader socio-economic advancement. In fact, no solid social gains can be achieved without the active cooperation of such an accomplished and valiant community of patriots. Let the Gujjar youth be involved in the service of humanity in a big way. Powerful subversive agencies are working overtime to destroy this beautiful region which is now gasping for breath. Let us re-arrange our priorities and make a purposeful beginning by using the talents and energies of the Gujjars in a sensibly conceived road-map of development which may bring glory to them and others alike.

Monday 3 November 2014

Ch Rahmat Ali

Ch Rahmat Ali (RA) - Founder of Pakistan



Even though 68 years have passed since his death, his writings about the dangers facing Muslims are as relevant today as they were then (truth always stands clear from error even over the passage of time). For instance, Ch. Rahmat Ali (RA) called for an Islamic Renaissance and in one pamphlet, he wrote:
"Our greatest asset and opportunity is our Faith, which has created what we possess; it has made us what we are. That is, the emancipators of hundreds of millions of human beings. Islam has worked miracles for us in the past, and it can and will do the same for us now and always, if only we let it do so.

Such is the promise of Islam. Yet such is our perversion that we are simply not following Islam. We are ignoring it in every sphere of life - individual, national, moral and material. Not only that, we are turning to alien, `Western' cults instead. That is, to cults that have already poisoned the source of our life, undermined the basis of our beliefs, and weakened the bonds uniting our Fraternity; and that means to detach us from Islam and attach us to `Westernism' and thereby finish Islam which, owing to its values and verities, is their most serious rival for the allegiance of mankind.

It is clear that our neglect of Islam for other cults is a form of apostasy. Indeed it is an act of enmity against Islam. For remember, nothing so degrades and destroys a religion as its neglect by its own followers. It is just that neglect which has killed most of the old creeds and faiths of mankind. That is how by our failure to follow Islam we are acting as its enemies and frustrating its whole mission in the world.

It is imperative therefore, that, if we want to live as Muslims, save our heritage, reunite with our Pak brethren in Afghanistan, Central Asia and Iran, and see Islam flourish in the world, we must change. We must shun alien cults; we must revert to Islam. In other words, we must follow its code in thought, in word, and in action."

Friday 29 August 2014

Gujjar army of Shamshergarh

The Gujjar army of Shamshergarh defeated the allied forces of the adjoining states in a stubborn fight.
ergarh belonged to Khatana sub-caste of the Gujjar community. The native place of the family was the North West territory in ancient times where Kaid Rai, one of their ancestors fought against Alexander the Great. Chandrapal, son of Jaipal Khatana fought against Subuktgin at Kabul in 997 CE. Mohammad Ghaznavi defeated Jaipal and Anandpal and Lahore became a part of the Ghaznavi rule in 1018 CE. The Khatana took refuge in Mardan, Awat, Hazara, etc. and Trilochanpal (son of Anadpal), himself retired to Jammu hills from where he attacked Punjab. Some Khatana families migrated south of Satluj River and reached up to Malwa and Gwalior and in the East up to upper Gangetic valley.

The Khatana all over the sub continent are unanimous since Centuries in claiming their decent from the house of Jaipal and Anandpal. The Kala and Thakaria share the same claim in Punjab. Undoubtedly, the three families are offshoots of the historic Lakhan Thakia who fought against Shankarvarman, the ruler of Kashmir in 890 CE. After the defeat and death of Anandpal in 1018 CE some members of royal house migrated south of Satluj River and carved a principality in Jaipur area. Allauddin forces ousted the family from Dausa and the family settled In Rajorgarh area from where they were again driven out in about 1496 CE by the Muslims. The family with its leaders Rana Madhav Singh took refuge in lowerKumaon Himalaya. When Humayun was fleeing Iran and Shershah was busy in establishing himself as a king of Delhi, Rana Madhav Singh left the hills and occupied an area on the left bank of river Ganges, after killing Nawab Dilawar Khan. In the time of Akbar and Jahangir, Rana Pratap Bhan and Rana Daya Ram held a status of big landlords. In the time of Shahjahan, one Mughal officer was killed by a Gurjar on his cruelty to the subjects. Rana was attacked by Mughal forces and Gurjar were completely uprooted. The fort was demolished and the city was renamed Shahajahanpur.

Rana Parsuram Singh with his remaining family members and the army men crossed the River Ganges and Yamuna River and reached the Betwa River valley where he established a small kingdom and founded a city by the name of Shamshergarh. His son Nauneshah conquered Inchhar, Bhander, Konch and Kalpi. Nauneshah` son Madan Singh ruled at Shamshergarh successfully. Madan Singh`s son Vishnu Singh Khatana defeated Prthvi Singh, who was an ally of the Marathas and captured the fort of Siyoda that actually belonged to Datiya ruler. The bravery of Gurjar king Vishnu Singh roused jealousy of the chiefs of the adjoining states.

The Gujjar army of Shamshergarh defeated the allied forces of the adjoining states in a stubborn fight. The Gujjars of Shamshergarh completely uprooted the army of the chiefs of the adjoining states and captured all their heavy guns. The Maratha Subedar Ragunath Rao Hari and Shivnath Rao Hari on hearing the news of the conquest of Vishnu Singh Khatana over their subordinate chiefs jointly made an invasion on Samther or Shamshergarh kingdom. The Gurjars again defeated the invaders. Vishu Singh Khatana died sonless and he was succeeded by his younger brother Raja Dev Singh. At last a peace treaty was signed and executed between the Gujjar king of Shamshergarh and the British East India Company.

Raja Dev Singh was a famous Gujjar ruler of Shamshergarh and also a great administrator. The condition of Shamshergarh improved tremendously at that time and new markets were built. This place was also popular for its beautiful buildings. In the year 1947, Shamshergarh or Samther state was merged with the Indian Union

Wednesday 16 July 2014

Dharampal Gujjar

Dharampal Gujjar, (Date of birth October 6, 1897) 116-year-old Indian man was old but still fit. He joined the race the 35th National Masters Athletic Championship in South India. 

Gujjar able to print the time unbelievable 46.74 seconds for the 200 meters and won the 400 meters as quoted Emirates247, Sunday (03/02/2014). 

Gujjar has participated in several marathon races. He did not seek government funding. Co-workers who helped him financially in order Gujjar participated in the event. 

Gujjar has the secret to longevity and health. According to him, he just did a balanced diet.

Award of Honor, Chandigarh, 2011
Masters National Athletic Championship in 2012 at Bangalore(Gold Medalist)
Gold Medal at Ovara, UP 2010

Friday 27 June 2014

Gujjar History 6

قسط 6
اسلام علیکم۔۔۔ ایک غلطی فہمی کی تصحیح (میری ذاتی رائے میں) اہل اسلام نے اہل عرب و عجم کو ایک الگ گروہ لکھا ہے اور یورپین نے اس کو الگ گروہ تسلیم نہیں کیا۔۔ اصل میں ہوا یہ ہو گا کہ حضرت نوحؑ اور ان کے ساتھ مسلمانوں کا ایک گروہ (چوتھا گروہ) شام میں ہی بس گیا ہو گا جس سے اہل عرب و عجم نے جنم لیا اور اس گروہ میں ہر طرح کے رنگ و نسل کے لوگ موجود ہوں گے اس لیے اگر ہم عرب کے رنگ و نسل کا جائزہ لیں تو ہم کو پتہ چلتا ہے کہ اس میں نیگرو اور کاؤکشین دونوں نسلوں سے ملتے جلتے لوگ ہیں کہ بعض اوقات لگتا ہے کہ یہ نیگرو نسل ہے اور بعض اوقات لگتا ہے کہ نہیں یہ کاوکشین نسل سے ہیں۔۔۔

ہمارے آباء و اجداد جس خطے میں جا کر آباد ہوئے وہ آجکل سنٹرل ایشیاء اور یوریشیاء کہلاتا ہے اور نیگرو ہندوستان اور افریقہ کی طرف آباد ہوئے اگر سب سے قدیم ہندوستان کی آبادی کو دیکھیں اور افریقین نسلوں کو دیکھیں تو ان میں رنگ و نسل کی مماثلت پائی جاتی ہے۔۔

جیسے جیسے ان خطوں میں آبادیاں بڑھنا شروع ہوئیں تو نئے نئے علاقے آباد ہونا شروع ہو گئے ۔۔ ہم نے سارے سنٹرل ایشیاء ، یوریشیاء اور چائنا کے صوبے سنکیانگ تک کے علاقے آباد کیے دوسری طرف ہم یورپ کو آباد کر رہے تھے جس میں بلغاریہ، چیچنیا، رومانیہ، آرمینیاء اور دوسرے آس پاس کے علاقے شامل تھے۔۔ اور تیسری طرف ہم عراق، ترکستان اور ان علاقوں کی طرف پھیلتے جا رہے تھے جیسے جیسے آبادی کا بوجھ بڑھتا جا رہا تھا ویسے ویسے آپسی لڑائیاں بڑھتی جا رہی تھیں اور نئے علاقوں کی دریافت کی ضرورت بڑھتی جا رہی تھی۔۔ ہماری ایک نسل نے شاہراہِ ریشم جیسا عظیم راستہ دریافت کیا اور اسی راستے سے بڑھتے ہوئے ہندوستان تک آ پہنچے۔۔ انہوں نے سمرقند اور بخارا جیسے عظیم شہروں کو آباد کیا۔۔  اور اسی طرح سارے شمالی ہندوستان پر قابض ہو گئے اور ہندوستان کی قدیم اقوام کو جنوب مشرق کی طرف دھکیل دیا (سری لنکن اور انڈیا کے بعض قبائل کو دیکھ کر آپ کو اندازہ ہو جائے گا کہ رنگ و نسل میں کتنا فرق ہے ) پھر سکندرِاعظم کا وقت آیا تو وہ بھی اسی راستے سے ہندوستان تک پہنچا۔۔ وہ بھی دراصل کاؤکشین نسل تھا لیکن اس کی ساری لڑائی بھی کاؤکشین نسل سے ہی ہے اس لیے کچھ تاریخ دان اس سے گجر نسل کے ابتداء کی بات کرتے ہیں اور کچھ اس سے لڑائیوں کا ذکر کرتے ہیں۔۔ یہ اصل میں ایک ہی نسل کے لوگوں کی آپس میں طاقت کی جنگ تھی۔۔۔ صرف عجم میں ہونے والی اس کی جنگیں دوسرے کسی گروہ کے ساتھ تھیں۔۔
سکندر کے بعد گجروں کے جس قبیلے نے سب سے بڑی حکومت قائم کی شمالی ہندوستان میں وہ کوشان کہلائے ، اسی وقت چائنا کی طرف گجر قبیلہ یو آچی حکمران تھا اور تیسری طرف سے گجر قبائل عرب سے ہوتے ہوئے ایران میں داخل ہو چکے تھے جو کہ ساکا کہلائے اور وہ درہ بولان سے بلوچستان اور وہاں سے سندھ میں داخل ہوئے اور گجرات (آنڈیا) تک پھیلتے چلے گئے اب جو گجر قبائل شاہراہ ریشم سے ہوتے داخل ہوئے وہ کوہ ہندو کش اور کو ہ ہمالیہ اور کوہ قراقرم کے پہاڑی سلسلوں کے ساتھ پھیلتے چلے گئے کیونکہ وہ سرد ماحول کے عادی تھے اور وہاں سے وسطی ہندوستان کی طرف بڑھنا شروع ہوئے اور جو قبائل درہ بولان سے آئے تھے چونکہ وہ گرم ماحول کو برداشت کرنے کے عادی ہو گئے تھے اس لیے وہ ان علاقوں کو فتح اور آباد کرتے ہوئے وسطی ہندوستان کی طرف بڑھے۔۔
باقی اگلی اقساط میں انشاء اللہ

چودھری ظفر حبیب گجر

Wednesday 25 June 2014

Gujjar History 4

قسط 4
اسلام علیکم۔۔ ہم انسانی تاریخ کے دو باب مکمل کر چکے ہیں ایک تخلیق انسان اور دوسرا حضرت آدمؑ سے حضرت نوحؑ تک کا دور۔۔ اب یہاں سے ایک نئے دور کی شروعات ہوتی ہیں۔ مختلف جگہوں پر مختلف حوالے ہیں کہ حضرت نوحؑ کے ساتھ کتنے لوگ تھے لیکن ہم 80 مرد و عورت  کے گروہ کو صحیح مان کر چلتے ہیں کیونکہ اس کے اوپر کافی زیادہ لوگ متفق ہیں اور اکثر علماء کرام بھی یہی حوالہ دیتے ہیں۔۔

تاریخِ انسانی کے ماہر حضرت نوحؑ کے ساتھیوں کو ان کی شکل و صورت کی وجہ سے تین بڑے گروہوں میں تقسیم کرتے ہیں

1- کاؤ کشین۔۔ جو جارجین یا گرجستان کی زبان کا لفظ ہے اور اسی لفظ کو سنسکرت زبان میں کوشان بولا گیا اور بدلتے وقت کے ساتھ یہ لفظ کسان اور کسانہ کی شکل میں باقی رہ گیا۔۔ یہ دنیا کی سب سے خوبصورت نسل ہے اپنے رنگ، اور نین و نقش کی وجہ سے سیاہ بال سرخ و سفید رنگ،، یہ نسل آج بھی اپنی اصل حالت میں گرجستان (جارجیا) آرمینیاء، چیچنیا وغیرہ میں پائی جاتی ہے اور اپنے ہزاروں سال پرانے زبان، لباس اور رسم و رواج پر قائم ہے ان کا خطہ یورپ اور ایشیاء کے سنگم پر آباد ہے اس لیے یہ خطہ یوریشیاء بھی کہلاتا ہے اسی خطے میں داغستان یا کوہِ قاف کا علاقہ بھی ہے جس کو گجر قوم کا آبائی وطن کہا جاتا ہے اسی لیے کوہِ قاف کے متعلق ہزاروں کہانیاں برصغیر کے لوگوں کی زبانوں پر ہیں جن اور پریوں کا دیس یہ لوگ آج بھی اپنی خوبصورتی میں بے مثال ہیں

2- دوسرے گروہ کو منگولین بولا جاتا ہے یہ چپٹے ناک اور زرد رنگت والی نسل ہے جو کوریا، جاپان، چائنا اور مشرقِ بعید میں آباد ہے

3- تیسرے گروہ کو نیگرو کہتے ہیں اور یہ نسل افریقہ میں آباد ہے

یہ تین بنیادی گروہ ہیں انسانوں کے۔۔۔ بعد میں ان کے ایک دوسرے کے ملاپ سے الگ الگ گروہ جنم لیتے رہے ۔۔ جیسے ایک نیگرو اور کاؤکشین کے ملاپ سے پیدا ہونے والا بچہ یا کاؤکشین اور منگولین کے ملاپ سے پیدا ہونے والا بچہ، یا منگولین اور نیگرو کے ملاپ سے پیدا ہونے والی نسل، یا ان نسلوں کے ملاپ کے بعد میں پھر سے ملاپ ہونے کے بعد پیدا ہونے والی نسلوں نے انسانوں کے بہت سے گروہوں اور زبانوں کو جنم دیا۔۔ اس موضوع پر ہم اگلی قسط میں بات کریں گے

چودھری ظفر حبیب گجر


اختلاف اور اصلاح کی بہت گنجائش ہے تنقید یا میں نہ مانوں کی بجائے اپنا نقطہ نظر اور اپنی تحقیق کو مثبت انداز میں سامنے لے کر آئیں شکریہ

Thursday 29 May 2014

1857 and Gujjars

1857 KI KRANTI KE JANAK THE GUJJARS .....Historically, the Gujjars are effectively ‘1857 forces’, in the same league as Lodhs, Banjaras, Ramoshis, Dhangars, Mewatis, Kols and Gonds who fought in the 1857 Uprising against the British as a community. On May 10, 1857, when the 3rd Cavalry threw off allegiance to the British in Meerut to kick-start what is now recognised as the 19th century’s greatest anti-colonial revolt, the Meerut cantonment had a sizeable 60th Her Majesty Regiment composed of crack British soldiers. The 3rd Cavalry sowars and 11th and 20th Bengal Native Infantry sepoys did not have artillery; but the 60th Foot Regiment was well supplied with cannons. The 60th HMR men could have easily pursued and cut the march of Meerut revolutionaries towards Delhi. But it was the turbulent Gujjars of the Meerut countryside who surrounded the British cantonment in such large numbers that British soldiers found it difficult to advance.
The Imperial Gazetteer of India states that throughout the “Indian Rebellion of 1857, the Gujars and Musalman Rajputs proved the most irreconcilable enemies of the British. A band of rebellious Gujjars ransacked Bulandshahr after a revolt by the 9th Native Infantry on May 21, 1857. The British forces were able to retake the town with the help of Dehra Gurkhas, but the Gujars rose again after the Gurkhas marched off to assist General Wilson’s column in another area. Under the leadership of Walidad Khan of Malagarh, the British garrison was driven out the district. Walidad Khan held Bulandshahr from July to September, until he was expelled after an engagement with Colonel Greathed’s flying column. On October 4, the Bulandshahr District was regularly occupied by the British Colonel Farquhar and measures of repression were adopted against the armed Gujars.”
During the revolt of 1857, the Muslim Gujjars in the villages of Ludhiana district showed dissent towards the British authorities. The British interests in Gangoh city of Saharanpur District were ‘threatened’ by the rebel Gujjars under the leadership of Raja Fathua. The Gujjars of Chundrowli rose against the British, under the leadership of Damar Ram. The Gujjars of Shunkuri village, numbering around 3,000, joined the rebel sepoys. According to further British records, the Gujjars plundered gunpowder and ammunition from the British and their allies. In Delhi, the Metcalfe House was sacked by the Gujjar villagers from whom the land was taken to erect the building.
Gujjar turbulence owed a lot to their nomadic status and the British attempt to settle them as peaceful land revenue paying peasantry. During the Mughal era, Gujjars were known for their entrepreneurial role — they not only exchanged milk and other commodities but also guarded the trade routes of North India. The colonial-British State, keen to turn every rural element into a peasant, did not understand the community’s entrepreneurial role. So after 1857, the British classified the Gujjars (and around 150 other Indian communities) as ‘criminal tribes’ through the Criminal Tribes Act, 1871. In this move, communities that had fought for Bahadur Shah Zafar in 1857 were openly targeted. Several other forces like the Pardhis of Vidarbha and the Dhangars and the Ramoshi-Berads of Maharashtra and Karnataka also suffered. Most of them were warrior-nomads or warrior-hunters of the Mughal and Maratha era. During the colonial era, basic human rights were denied to these communities. They were literally given an ‘anti-social’ tag. Their position became worse than that of many Dalit communities in the country